PART I: FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS
A
KEY TO FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS
AND THEIR LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI
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Robert LÜCKING
*Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
[Version: October 31st, 2000]
As a complement to the
Checklist of foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous fungi, this KEY TO FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS AND THEIR LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI is a semi-interactive tool allowing for the identification of genera, species and subspecific taxa of lichens commonly found on leaves (typically or regularly foliicolous lichens). This key is also provided as a counterpart to a forthcoming interactive key using the LIAS database in cooperation with Gerhard Rambold [RAMBOLD, Biblioth. Lichenol. 68: 67-72 (1997)]. In a second part, keys to genera and species of lichenicolous fungi on foliicolous lichens will also be included.The key is divided into a main key leading to subkeys allowing for the identification of genera, and keys to species and subspecific taxa for each genus. With some few exceptions, the keys are divided into modules containing no more than 20 units. Keys are strictly dichotomous and corresponding key couples are paired and consecutively numbered.
In order to provide a homogeneous wording, a simplified terminology is used. Ascomata are named either perithecia or apothecia, irrespective of their ontogenetical or structural differences. Accordingly, all interascal hyphae are termed paraphyses (including paraphysoids and pseudoparaphyses). All campylidioid conidiomata are named campylidia even if they are not homologous organs. The term "bitunicate" is generally used for fissitunicate asci.
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KEY TO MAIN GROUPS OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS:
1a
Thallus foliose-squamulose or filamentous, i.e. composed of phycobiont threads surrounded by mycobiont hyphae .......... 2 1b Thallus crustose .......... 3
2a
Thallus foliose-squamulose .......... Foliose-squamulose2b Thallus filamentous .......... Filamentous
3a Ascomata and mature ascospores present .......... 4 3b Conidiomata or particular thallus features (isidia, soralia, setae, hairs, verrucae, ridges, cephalodia, prothallus, cortex, goniocysts) present .......... 9
4a
Ascomata perithecia .......... Perithecia4b Ascomata apothecia .......... 5
AA5a Apothecia distinctly lobate or lirellate .......... Lobate-lirellate apothecia 5b Apothecia rounded or slightly irregular .......... 6
6a
Apothecia immersed but erumpent (crater-like), with thalline margin containing algae (lecanorine or zeorine), or margin carbonized .......... Immersed-erumpent, crater-like apothecia6b Apothecia adnate to sessile or stalked, with proper margin lacking algae (biatorine or lecideine), or margin reduced .......... 7
AA7a Apothecia adnate, not or hardly raised over thallus level (spot-like), their margin usually reduced .......... Adnate, spot-like apothecia 7b Apothecia sessile or stipitate, distinctly raised over thallus level, their margin usually well-developed (at least in young apothecia) .......... 8
8a
Hymenium I– (non-amyloid) .......... Sessile-stipitate, I– apothecia8b Hymenium I+ (amyloid) .......... Sessile-stipitate, I+ apothecia
AA9a Conidiomata present .......... 10 [back] 9b Particular thallus features present .......... 12
10a
Conidiomata hyphophores or sporodochia, producing conidia externally or superficially; conidia usually formed by terminal hyphae or moniliform chains (diahyphae), not separated in the mature condition .......... Hyphophores or sporodochia (under construction)10b Conidiomata campylidia or pycnidia, producing conidia (semi)internally; conidia formed individually on conidiogeneous cells, separated in the mature condition .......... 11
AA11a Conidiomata campylidia, with dorsiventral lobe covering the conidiogeneous layer .......... Campylidia (under construction) 11b Conidiomata pycnidia, opening by a narrow ostiole .......... Pycnidia (under construction)
12a
Thallus with isidia or soralia .......... Isidia or soralia (under construction)12b Thallus with other features .......... 13
AA13a Thallus with setae or hairs .......... Setae or hairs (under construction) 13b Thallus with other features .......... 14
14a
Thallus with verrucae or ridges .......... Verrucae or ridges (under construction)14b Thallus with other features .......... 15
AA15a Thallus with cephalodia .......... Cephalodia (under construction) 15b Thallus with other features .......... 16
16a
Thallus with conspicuous prothallus .......... Prothallus (under construction)16b Thallus with other features .......... 17
AA17a Thallus with conspicuous cortex .......... Cortex (under construction) 17b Thallus with other features .......... 18
18a
Thallus composed of goniocysts .......... Goniocysts (under construction)18b Thallus subcuticular .......... Strigula
FOLIOSE-SQUAMULOSE
1aAA Thallus erect-squamulose, with byssoid-spongioid anatomy; phycobiont Chlorococcaceae .......... Rocellinastrum 1b Thallus foliose to adnate-squamulose (then with dark prothallus), with compact anatomy; phycobiont Cyanobacteria .......... 2
2a
Thallus large-foliose, dry paper-like, wet gelatinose, homoiomerous, with single-layered cortex; phycobiont Nostoc, in short chains; ascospores transversely septate to muriform (facultatively foliicolous) .......... Leptogium (not treated)2b Thallus small-foliose to adnate-squamulose, not differing when dry or wet, heteromerous, with cortex and medulla; phycobiont Nostoc or Scytonema, in irregular groups or threads; ascospores non-septate .......... 3
AA3a Thallus adnate-squamulose, with distinct dark prothallus; cortex formed by isodiametric cells from anticlinal hyphae; apothecia biatorine, lecanorine or zeorine, without marginal cilia (facultatively foliicolous) .......... Parmeliella, Pannaria (not treated) 3b Thallus small-foliose, without prothallus; cortex formed by rectangular cells from periclinal hyphae; apothecia biatorine, often with marginal cilia .......... Coccocarpia
FILAMENTOUS
1aAA Phycobiont Trentepohlia, cells elongate, with chromatophors; thallus yellowish green to light green; ascomata apothecia .......... Coenogonium 1b Phycobiont Cyanobacteria, cells short, without chromatophors; thallus bluish to greyish green; ascomata perithecia or mycobiont a basidiomycete (fructifications unknown) .......... 2
2a
Phycobiont Stigonema; thallus greyish green; ascomata perithecia .......... Psoroglaena2b Phycobiont Scytonema; thallus dark greyish to greenish blue; mycobiont a basidiomycete (fructifications unknown) .......... Dictyonema
PERITHECIA
1aAA Ascospores submuriform to muriform .......... 2 1b Ascospores transversely septate .......... 9
2a
Ascospores cylindrical, 20-25 times as long as broad; disciform isidia often present .......... Phylloblastia2b Ascospores ellipsoid, 2-3 times as long as broad; isidia absent .......... 3
AA3a Ascospores submuriform, small (12-15 x 5-6 µm), greyish brown. – Phycobiont Phycopeltis, with rectangular cells in radiate plates .......... Microtheliopsis 3b Ascospores muriform, larger (30-90 x 10-35 µm) .......... 4
4a
Perithecia white to pinkish, naked, with colourless walls, their apical parts usually setose or with a disc-like expansion; phycobiont Chlorococcaceae .......... Aspidothelium4b Perithecia yellowish or greenish grey to black, naked or immersed in thalline verrucae, with dark walls; phycobiont Chlorococcaceae or Trentepohliaceae .......... 5
A5a Asci entirely thin-walled, unitunicate; involucrellum laterally covered by a crystalline layer (crystallostratum), or perithecia with setae formed by adglutinate hyphae .......... 6 5b Asci apically thick-walled, bitunicate; crystalline layer absent .......... 7
6a
Perithecia with setae formed by adglutinate hyphae, black .......... Trichothelium6b Perithecia glabrous, covered by crystalline layer, yellowish to greenish grey .......... Porina
A7a Paraphyses anastomosing, rather thin (1 µm); conidiomata single; conidia filiform, non-septate, without gelatinose appendages; phycobiont Chlorococcaceae .......... Thelenella 7b Paraphyses unbranched or slightly branched at their base, thicker (2-3 µm); conidiomata single or aggregate in thallus verrucae; conidia cylindrical to ellipsoid, transversely septate to muriform, with gelatinose appendages; phycobiont Trentepohliaceae .......... 8
8a
Perithecia wart-shaped to subglobose, with irregular surface, outer involucrellum usually formed by a black, pulveraceous mass and covered by algiferous thallus tissue; ascospore surface with refractive crystals .......... Phyllobathelium8b Perithecia lens-shaped with spreading base, with smooth surface, involucrellum compact and naked; ascospore surface without refractive crystals .......... Phyllocratera
A9a Asci entirely thin-walled, unitunicate .......... 10 [back] 9b Asci apically thick-walled, bitunicate .......... 13
10a
Perithecia with setae formed by adglutinate hyphae .......... 1110b Perithecia glabrous or with soft hairs formed by free hyphae .......... 12
A11a Involucrellum black, rarely pale, K– .......... Trichothelium 11b Involucrellum yellowish red, K+ red .......... Porina
12a
Perithecia with soft hairs formed by moniliform hyphae .......... Polycornus12b Perithecia glabrous or with soft hairs formed by cylindrical hyphae .......... Porina
A13a Ascospores 1-septate .......... 14 13b Ascospores 3-35-septate .......... 18
14a
Ascospores large (60-130 x 10-20 µm), thick-walled, their surface with refractive crystals; conidiomata (macroconidia) campylidia .......... Musaespora14b Ascospores small [9-25(-70) x 2.5-5.0(-8.0) µm], thin-walled, their surface without refractive crystals; conidiomata pycnidia .......... 15
A15a Paraphyses absent; ascospores greyish brown .......... Microtheliopsis 15b Paraphyses present; ascospores colourless .......... 16
16a
Paraphyses not or slightly branched; macroconidia bacillar, non- or 1-septate, with gelatinous appendages; microconidia fusiform, non-septate; phycobiont Cephaleuros (cells in several layers) or Phycopeltis (cells in nets) .......... Strigula16b Paraphyses anastomosing; macro- and microconidia globose to broadly ellipsoid, non-septate, without gelatinose appendages; phycobiont Trentepohlia (cells in a single layer, angular-rounded to almost round, in irregular plates) or Phycopeltis (cells in radiate plates) .......... 17
A17a Involucrellum pale; phycobiont Phycopeltis, cells rectangular, in radiate plates .......... Porinula 17b Involucrellum black; phycobiont Trentepohlia, cells angular-rounded, in irregular plates .......... Anisomeridium
18a
Thallus subcuticular; phycobiont Cephaleuros (cells in several layers) .......... Strigula18b Thallus supracuticular; phycobiont Chlorococcaceae or Trentepohliaceae (cells in a single layer) .......... 19
A19a Perithecia immersed in low thallus verrucae .......... 20 19b Perithecia exposed but sometimes covered by a thin algal layer .......... 21
20a
Perithecia aggregate in verrucae filled with colourless, K– crystals; excipulum mostly black; hymenium I+ blue then red; paraphyses branched; ascospores 4 per ascus, 6-septate .......... Chiodecton20b Perithecia single or aggregate in verrucae filled with yellowish, K+ purplish granules; excipulum brown; hymenium I–; paraphyses unbranched; ascospores 8 per ascus, 3-septate .......... Flavobathelium
A21a Paraphyses distinct; ascospores large (50-140 x 10-25 µm), fusiform, multiseptate (up to 35 septa), the cells broader than long .......... Aspidothelium 21b Paraphyses in mature perithecia indistinct; ascospores smaller (9-70 x 2-8 µm), fusiform-ellipsoid to cylindrical, 3-15-septate, the cells as long as or longer than broad .......... 22
22a
Perithecia lens-shaped; ascospores greyish brown, fusiform-ellipsoid .......... Microtheliopsis22b Perithecia hemispherical or wart-shaped to subglobose; ascospores colourless, bacillar-cylindrical .......... 23
A23a Perithecia pure black, often with setose appendages; phycobiont Phycopeltis (cells rectangular, in radiate plates) .......... Lyromma 23b Perithecia pale to dark greyish brown, glabrous; phycobiont Chlorococcaceae or Trentepohliaceae (cells round to angular-rounded, in irregular plates) .......... 24
24a
Phycobiont Trentepohliaceae (cells round to angular-rounded, in irregular plates); disciform isidia sometimes present .......... Pocsia24b Phycobiont Chlorococcaceae; disciform isidia absent .......... Macentina
LOBATE-LIRELLATE APOTHECIA
1aAA Apothecial margin black, carbonized, lacking algae .......... 2 1b Apothecial margin pale, with algae, or dark brown and reduced .......... 4
2a
Ascospore lumina lens-shaped, walls I+ violet; paraphyses unbranched .......... Graphis2b Ascospore lumina angular, walls I–; paraphyses anastomosing .......... 3
AA3a Phycobiont Chlorococcaceae; asci annelascaceous; ascospores thin-walled, colourless, smooth .......... Aulaxina 3b Phycobiont Trentepohliaceae; asci bitunicate; ascospores usually slightly thick-walled, with larger median cell, sometimes greyish brown and ornamented .......... Opegrapha
4a
Ascospores muriform .......... 54b Ascospores transversely septate .......... 6
AA5a Phycobiont Chlorococcaceae; ascomata well-developed, with lobate margin; hymenial algae present .......... Gyalectidium 5b Phycobiont Trentepohliaceae; asci loosely scattered in whitish thallus verrucae arranged in irregularly lirellate groups; hymenial algae absent .......... Cryptothecia
6a
Ascospores greyish brown, with lens-shaped lumina, walls I+ violet .......... Phaeographis6b Ascospores colourless, with angular lumina, walls I– .......... 7
AA7a Apothecial disc orange-red, K+ dark purple; paraphyses unbranched .......... Chroodiscus 7b Apothecial disc brownish, K–; paraphyses anastomosing .......... 8
8a
Apothecial margin well-developed, with algae; ascospores microcephal, with small end cells and a median cell slightly enlarged, 3-15-septate .......... Enterographa8b Apothecial margin reduced, lacking algae; ascospores macrocephal, with the terminal cell enlarged, 1-2-septate .......... Arthonia
IMMERSED-ERUMPENT, CRATER-LIKE APOTHECIA
1aAA Phycobiont Trentepohliaceae .......... 2 1b Phycobiont Chlorococcaceae .......... 5
2a
Ascomata perithecioid, aggregate in low thallus verrucae (pseudostromata) .......... Chiodecton2b Ascomata apothecioid, single .......... 3
AA3a Apothecial margin black, carbonized, lacking algae .......... Opegrapha 3b Apothecial margin pale, with algae .......... 4
4a
Apothecial disc dark grey to black; margin smooth, not prominent, in section composed of brown excipular hyphae covered by crystalline layer and algal layer; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores slightly thick-walled, with a median cell slightly enlarged; asci bitunicate .......... Mazosia4b Apothecial disc light grey or orange-red; margin with recurved, triangular lobes, prominent, in section composed of pale excipulum not covered by a crystalline layer; paraphyses simple; ascospores thin-walled; asci annelascaceous .......... Chroodiscus
AA5a Thallus with distinct cortex formed by rectangular, dead cells in regularly radiate plates when seen from above; ascospores often thick-walled .......... Asterothyrium 5b Thallus ecorticate or cortex cartilaginous or formed by an irregular layer of rounded cells; ascospores always thin-walled .......... 6
6a
Apothecial margin dark brown to black, carbonized, usually lacking algae .......... 76b Apothecial margin pale, mostly with algae .......... 9
AA7a Thallus lacking sterile black setae; hyphophores formed on an algal-free prothallus .......... Aulaxina 7b Thallus with sterile black setae; hyphophores formed on the algiferous thallus .......... 8
8a
Apothecia with a central, dark columelloid tissue; ascospores 3-septate .......... Paratricharia8b Apothecia without columelloid tissue; ascospores 1-septate .......... Tricharia
AA9a Apothecial margin with well-developed proper excipulum externally covered by thin cartilaginous thallus layer without algae .......... 10 9b Apothecial margin with reduced proper excipulum externally covered by thick algiferous thallus layer, or apothecia immersed in small, inflated thallus patches .......... 11
10a
Sterile thallus setae present .......... Tricharia10b Sterile thallus setae absent .......... Gyalideopsis
AA11a Thallus composed of strongly inflated, bullate, white patches, with deeply immersed apothecia .......... Bullatina 11b Thallus flat or composed of only slightly inflated patches surrounded by thinner parts .......... 12
12a
Hyphophores squamiform or composed of aggregate cilia, diahyphae produced at their base on the thallus surface and inspersed with algae; ascospores muriform .......... Gyalectidium12b Hyphophores setiform, diahyphae produced apically or subapically, not inspersed with algae; ascospores transversely septate to muriform .......... 13
AA13a Hyphophores formed on a algal-free prothallus; ascospores transversely septate .......... Caleniopsis 13b Hyphophores formed on the algiferous thallus, if on an algal-free prothallus, then ascospores muriform .......... Calenia
ADNATE SPOT-LIKE APOTHECIA
1aAA Phycobiont Trentepohliaceae; asci bitunicate .......... 2 1b Phycobiont Chlorococcaceae; asci annelascaceous or lecanoroid .......... 5
2a
Asci scattered in low thallus verrucae formed by loose, non-coherent, white tissue resembling paraphyses but lacking a gelatinous matrix .......... Cryptothecia2b Asci formed in well-organized apothecia with paraphyses embedded in a gelatinous matrix .......... 3
AA3a Conidia (macroconidia) small (2-25 µm), ellipsoid-fusiform to narrowly bacillar, unseptate or with few (1-5) septa; ascospores small (6-25 x 2-8 µm), with few (1-5) transverse septa .......... Arthonia 3b Conidia (macroconidia) large (70-150 µm), filiform and multiseptate; ascospores large (30-90 x 7-15 µm), with numerous (5-13) transverse septa or muriform (then usually with a large undivided median cell) .......... 4
4a
Apothecia pale, their outermost marginal parts covered by algiferous thallus tissue; pycnidia with pale marginal zone covered by algiferous thallus tissue .......... Amazonomyces4b Apothecia dark (but sometimes covered with a white pruina), their outermost parts not covered by algiferous thallus tissue; pycnidia exposed, greyish black to black .......... Eremothecella
AA5a Asci annelascaceous, tholus I–, with ring-shaped structure projecting down into ascus lumen; thallus often encrusted with calcium oxalate crystals and therefore appearing icing-like; sterile thallus setae sometimes present .......... 6 5b Asci lecanoroid, tholus I+ bluish, with darker or paler structures; thallus not encrusted with calcium oxalate crystals; sterile thallus setae absent .......... 9
6a
Apothecia slightly raised over thallus level; excipulum well-developed but thin, not spreading over the thallus surface .......... 76b Apothecia not or hardly raised over thallus level; excipulum reduced, laterally spreading over the thallus surface .......... 8
AA7a Sterile thallus setae present .......... Tricharia 7b Sterile thallus setae absent .......... Gyalideopsis
8a
Hyphophores sessile, composed of a globose diahyphae ball; ascospores 1-septate .......... Actinoplaca8b Hyphophores setiform, the diahyphae produced apically or subapically; ascospores 3-septate to muriform .......... Echinoplaca
AA9a Apothecia pale, with a loose tissue resembling paraphyses but lacking a gelatinous matrix; asci with I+ blue tholus containing a pale, apically widening axial body .......... Vezdaea 9b Apothecia pale to black, with paraphyses embedded in a gelatinous matrix; asci of the Byssoloma type, with I+ pale bluish tholus containing a darker blue tubular structure .......... 10
10a
Apothecia not or hardly raised over thallus level; excipulum reduced, forming a translucent marginal zone; paraphyses unbranched, rather thick (2-3 µm) .......... Byssolecania10b Apothecia slightly raised over thallus level; excipulum well-developed but thin, forming a byssoid tissue; paraphyses anastomosing, thin (0.7-1.0 µm) .......... Byssoloma
SESSILE-STIPITATE, I– APOTHECIA
1aAA Phycobiont Trentepohlia; asci entirely thin-walled, unitunicate; ascospores 1-septate .......... Coenogonium 1b Phycobiont Chlorococcaceae; asci apically thick-walled, annelascaceous or lecanoroid; ascospores 1-septate to muriform .......... 2
2a
Thallus with distinct cortex formed by rectangular, dead cells in radiate plates when seen from above .......... 32b Thallus ecorticate or cortex cartilaginous or formed by an irregular layer of rounded cells .......... 4
AA3a Excipulum paraplectenchymatous, colourless .......... Asterothyrium 3b Excipulum composed of radiating hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix, often partly carbonized .......... Psorotheciopsis
4a
Sterile thallus setae present .......... Tricharia4b Sterile thallus setae absent but setiform hyphophores often present .......... 5
AA5a Apothecial margin black, carbonized .......... Aulaxina 5b Apothecial margin pale to dark but not carbonized .......... 6
6a
Paraphyses simple; hyphophores absent .......... Gyalidea6b Paraphyses anastomosing; hyphophores often present .......... 7
AA7a Hyphophores broadly squamiform, forming half-moon-shaped scales on the thallus surface .......... Hippocrepidea 7b Hyphophores of various types but not as above, setiform to hand-shaped or umbellate, or rarely resembling campylidia .......... Gyalideopsis
SESSILE-STIPITATE, I+ APOTHECIA
1aAA Ascospores unseptate or 1-septate .......... 2 1b Ascospores 3- septate to muriform .......... 8
2a
Ascospores unseptate .......... 32b Ascospores 1-septate .......... 5
AA3a Ascospores c. 200 per ascus, 2-3 x 1.0-1.2 µm; hymenium without gelatinous matrix; apothecia whitish to pale yellowish .......... Vezdaea
3b Ascospores 4-8 per ascus, 6-26 x 3-14 µm; hymenium with gelatinous matrix; apothecia strongly coloured .......... 4
4a
Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous, not encrusted with crystals, composed of radiating, brown hyphae; asci with internal I+ dark blue cap .......... Fuscidea4b Excipulum encrusted with crystals or paraplectenchymatous; asci with a darker blue tubular structure in the tholus .......... Malcolmiella
AA5a Apothecia stipitate; hymenium without gelatinous matrix .......... Vezdaea 5b Apothecia sessile; hymenium with gelatinous matrix .......... 6
6a
Phycobiont Trentepohlia; asci entirely thin-walled, unitunicate, I– or I+ bluish- brownish; paraphyses unbranched, distinct .......... Coenogonium6b Phycobiont Chlorococcaceae; asci apically thick-walled, lecanoroid, I+ bluish; paraphyses usually branched or anastomosing, indistinct .......... 7
AA7a Ascospores strongly curved, lunular; asci with I+ paler, apically widening axial body in the tholus; excipulum composed of free, radiating hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix .......... Scoliciosporum 7b Ascospores straight; asci with I+ darker tubular structure in the tholus; excipulum paraplectenchymatous .......... Fellhanera
8a
Ascospores 3-35(-100)-septate; conidiomata mostly pycnidia, rarely campylidia .......... 9 [back]8b Ascospores submuriform to muriform; conidiomata mostly campylidia, rarely pycnidia .......... 33
AA9a Ascospores narrowly cylindrical to filiform-acicular (1.0-3.0 µm broad), (10)15-60(-200) times as long as broad .......... 10 9b Ascospores ellipsoid-fusiform to cylindrical (2-8 µm broad), 3-8(-12) times as long as broad .......... 14
10a
Apothecia shortly stipitate .......... Szczawinscia10b Apothecia sessile .......... 11
AA11a Excipulum composed of free, radiating hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix; ascospores usually curved .......... Scoliciosporum 11b Excipulum para- or prosoplectenchymatous; ascospores usually straight, rarely curved .......... 12
12a
Thallus farinose-granulose, composed of goniocysts; apothecia pale yellow to orange, slightly translucent, rarely brown; asci with I+ pale, conical to broadly cylindrical axial mass; conidiomata of various types, producing filiform to acicular conidia .......... Bacidina (incl. Woessia)12b Thallus smooth or verrucose-rugose, not composed of goniocysts; apothecia light to dark brown or black, opaque; asci of the Byssoloma type, with I+ pale bluish tholus containing a darker blue tubular structure; conidiomata pycnidia, producing fusiform to ellipsoid conidia .......... 13
AA13a Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous (at least in upper lateral parts); apothecia usually strongly convex with reduced margin; major secondary compound coronatone .......... Bapalmuia 13b Excipulum paraplectenchymatous; apothecia usually plane with persistent margin; major secondary compound zeorine .......... Brasilicia
14a
Apothecia distinctly stipitate, their surface globose; ascospore septa with lateral, annular thickenings .......... Podotara [back]14b Apothecia sessile, their surface concave, flat or convex; ascospore septa thin .......... 15
AA15a Excipulum composed of free, loosely interwooven hyphae with cylindrical cells, usually byssoid but sometimes reduced or appearing compact due to strong encrustation with crystals .......... Byssoloma 15b Excipulum proso- or paraplectenchymatous, or encrusted with crystals and after their dissolvation with free hyphae with globose cells, or excipulum absent .......... 16
16a
Excipulum encrusted with crystals, its structure therefore indistinct but after dissolvation of crystals often composed of free hyphae with globose cells .......... 1716b Excipulum lacking crystals, proso- or paraplectenchymatous, or excipulum absent .......... 23
AA17a Conidiomata campylidia (frequently present); conidia filiform and multiseptate, or drumstick-shaped and unseptate .......... 18 17b Conidiomata pycnidia or absent; conidia ellipsoid-fusiform or pear-shaped, unseptate .......... 20
18a
Campylidia and thallus pale yellow; conidia drumstick-shaped, unseptate; apothecial disc brownish black, epithecium bluish black, K+ aeruginous .......... Barubria18b Campylidia grey or ferrugineous, thallus whitish or greenish to bluish grey; conidia filiform, multiseptate; apothecial disc yellow to reddish brown, epithecium yellowish to brownish, K– or K+ reddish .......... 19
AA19a Campylidia halfmoon-shaped, ferrugineous; conidia with lateral appendages; thallus continuous, smooth to verrucose, greenish to bluish grey (containing usnic acid and zeorin); apothecial disc bright yellow to orange or purplish brown; margin thick, slightly prominent; paraphyses unbranched; ascospores 3-septate .......... Badimia 19b Campylidia acute, grey; conidia without appendages; thallus dispersed, smooth, whitish grey (chemistry unknown); apothecial disc flesh-coloured to reddish brown; margin thin, not prominent; paraphyses strongly branched and anastomosing; ascospores 7-septate .......... Tapellariopsis
20a
Thallus visible as a dark brown area on the leaf surface, phycobiont Trentepohliaceae or indistinctly lichenized; ascospores very narrow (1.5-2.5 µm) .......... Semigyalecta20b Thallus well-developed and distinctly lichenized, phycobiont Chlorococcaceae; ascospores broader (2.5-4.5 µm) .......... 21
AA21a Thallus dispersed; apothecial disc flesh-coloured to pinkish or brownish red; excipulum K+ yellow-red .......... Loflammia 21b Thallus continuous; apothecial disc orange brown to brownish black or grey; excipulum K– .......... 22
22a
Apothecial margin distinct, whitish; disc concave to flat; paraphyses distinct, unbranched or slightly branched and anastomosing; conidia ellipsoid-fusiform .......... Eugeniella22b Apothecial margin thin, chamois-coloured or pale grey; disc flat to slightly convex; paraphyses indistinct, branched and anastomosing; conidia pear-shaped .......... Fellhanera
AA23a Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous or indistincly paraplectenchymatous, or excipulum absent; apothecia usually convex .......... 24 [back] 23b Excipulum distinctly paraplectenchymatous .......... 26
24a
Excipulum absent .......... Fellhanera24b Excipulum well-developed .......... 25
AA25a Conidiomata campylidia, halfmoon-shaped; conidia bacillar to bifusiform, 1-3-septate .......... Loflammiopsis 25b Conidiomata pycnidia, barrel-shaped; conidia filiform, 3-7-septate .......... Fellhaneropsis
26a
Conidiomata pycnidia, conidia ellipsoid-fusiform to pear-shaped or rarely filiform, unseptate or 3-7-septate; paraphyses indistinct .......... 2726b Conidiomata campylidia, conidia ellipsoid-bacillar, drumstick-shaped or filiform, usually septate; paraphyses distinct .......... 28
AA27a Conidia filiform, 3-7-septate .......... Fellhaneropsis 27b Conidia ellipsoid-fusiform to pear-shaped, unseptate .......... Fellhanera
28a
Thallus dispersed into rounded patches, smooth; conidia filiform .......... 2928b Thallus continuous, minutely farinose-arachnoid to granulose; conidia of various types .......... 31
AA29a Conidia branched from a central point, with 3-5 equal side branches; apothecial margin with very short hairs formed by free hyphae laterally projecting from the excipular surface .......... Lasioloma 29b Conidia unbranched; apothecial margin glabrous .......... 30
30a
Apothecial disc black; excipulum brownish or aeruginous; hypothecium reddish brown, K+ purple; paraphyses strongly branched and anastomosing, forming nets around the asci .......... Tapellaria30b Apothecial disc greyish brown; excipulum colourless; hypothecium brown, K–; paraphyses simple or slightly branched at the base .......... Calopadia
AA31a Conidia filiform (60-85 µm long), multiseptate; apothecial disc grey to greyish brown .......... Pseudocalopadia 31b Conidia ellipsoid or drumstick-shaped, unseptate or 1-septate; apothecial disc orange brown to reddish brown .......... 32
32a
Conidia 1-septate, ellipsoid-bacillar; campylidia whitish, with dentate margin and lateral appendages .......... Badimiella32b Conidia unseptate, drumstick-shaped; campylidia bluish, with smooth margins .......... Barubria
AA33a Excipulum with horizontally projecting hairs; thallus with a whoolly prothallus formed by loosely intricate hyphae .......... 34 [back] 33b Excipulum without hairs; whoolly prothallus absent .......... 36
34a
Thallus densely verrucose, continuous but laciniate, rich in secondary compounds (e.g. argopsin, pannarin, zeorin, thiophanic acid chemosyndrome); conidia ellipsoid to drop-shaped, unseptate .......... Sporopodium34b Thallus smooth or with an irregular surface, continuous or dispersed into round patches, secondary compounds mostly absent; conidia filiform, multiseptate .......... 35
AA35a Excipular hairs and prothallus indistinct; paraphyses simple or slightly branched; conidia unbranched .......... Calopadia 35b Excipular hairs and prothallus distinct; paraphyses anastomosing; conidia branched from a central point .......... Lasioloma
36a
Apothecial margin absent; excipulum reduced; conidia ellipsoid, unseptate .......... 3736b Apothecial margin present (at least in young apothecia), excipulum well-developed; conidia ellipsoid to filiform, unseptate to multiseptate .......... 38
AA37a Apothecial disc pale greenish to greyish yellow; epithecial algae present; campylidia greyish white .......... Logilvia 37b Apothecial disc dark bluish grey; epithecial algae absent; campylidia dark grey to black .......... Kantvilasia
38a
Excipulum strongly encrusted with crystals, after dissolvation composed of free hyphae with globose cells .......... Eugeniella38b Excipulum lacking crystals or crystals only present in outermost parts .......... 39
AA39a Excipulum composed of radiating or branched and anastomosing hyphae; a blackish prothallus usually present. – Conidiomata campylidia, bluish black; conidia formed in several chambers within the campylidium, ellipsoid, unseptate .......... Sporopodiopsis 39b Excipulum paraplectenchymatous; prothallus pale or absent .......... 44
40a
Thallus continuous or laciniate, smooth to minutely farinose or verrucose .......... 4140b Thallus dispersed into rounded patches, smooth or with a slightly uneven surface .......... 43
AA41a Paraphyses simple; apothecia flesh-coloured to orange, slightly translucent; ascospores submuriform; conidia filiform, multiseptate, with short lateral appendages .......... Badimia 41b Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; apothecia reddish brown to dark brown, opaque; ascospores submuriform to muriform; conidia ellipsoid to pear-shaped, unseptate .......... 42
42a
Conidiomata campylidia; conidia ellipsoid to drop-shaped; thallus often verrucose, rich in secondary compunds; apothecia large (0.3-0.8 mm diam.) .......... Sporopodium42b Conidiomata pycnidia; conidia pear-shaped; thallus lacking secondary compounds; apothecia small (0.1-0.3 mm diam.) .......... Fellhanera
AA43a Apothecial disc flesh-coloured to dark red; exciple K+ yellow-red; campylidia with reddish upper part; thallus slightly uneven .......... Loflammia 43b Apothecial disc greyish brown to black; exciple K–; campylidia grey; thallus smooth .......... 44
44a
Apothecial disc black, margin black or with a whitish to pale grey pruina; hypothecium reddish brown, K+ purple; epithecium blackish; paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing, forming nets around the asci .......... Tapellaria44b Apothecial disc greyish or reddish brown to black, margin grey; hypothecium brown or aeruginous, K–; epithecium sordid brown or indistinct; paraphyses simple to branched and anastomosing but not forming nets .......... 45
AA45a Paraphyses simple or slightly branched at the base; conidia filiform, multiseptate .......... Calopadia 45b Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; conidia ellipsoid, unseptate .......... Calopadiopsis